Digital Model Of 3d Printing - 1752 Words

Table of Contents I History Background 2 II technology detail 3 Contour Crafting (CC) 3 -Concept 3 Building Procedure 3 Automated Reinforcement 4 Automated Plumbing 5 Electrical Network Installation 6 Material 7 III Compare with Conventional House Construction. 8 Conventional House Construction 8 Contour Crafting Vs. Conventional 8 IV Application 9 NASA project 9 Winsun 10 V Future Outlook 10 VI Conclusion 10 I History Background 3D printing technology was start in the mid-1990s, this technology construct the real object from a digital model from computer, layer by layer using certain material in powered state. In the past, this technology is applied in mold manufacturing, and nowadays, it is being used in direct manufacturing. With the improvement of this technology, more and more items can be done through 3D printing. However, the potential of the 3D printing is far more than DIY small household items. In March of 2013, a Chinese firm has claimed to have done 3d printing of ten houses within 24 hours. Two years later, in January of 2015, they has further demonstrate its technology with a five story apartment building, compete with decorative element both inside and outside. In fact, this technology is now overturn the traditional construction industry. In the building construction, building layer by layer has been practiced for several thousand years. Bricking is a common method of building construction, which is actually lay construction. Therefore, it makeShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Accuracy Of Two 3D Printing Techniques Commonly Used?1167 Words   |  5 PagesDISCUSSION The accuracy of two 3D printing techniques commonly used in orthodontics was assessed in this study. A unique aspect of this research was that 3D printed models were produced from digital impressions acquired directly from the oral environment, and then compared to stone models. The importance of this comparison was the ability to evaluate the entire digital workflow from directly acquiring a digital impression from the oral environment to producing a 3D printed model of it. To our knowledgeRead MoreThree Dimensional Printing Is An Additive Manufacturing Process950 Words   |  4 PagesTHREE DIMENSIONAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Three Dimensional Printing or 3D Printing is an additive manufacturing process of creating a wide variety of products covering diverse sectors of manufacturing. It is called an additive process because of the fact that material is added in this process of manufacturing instead of machining it out from a base substance. The basic principle behind the working of a 3D Printer is to convert a digital file into a three-dimensional model by adding materialRead MoreMaking A Design With Registration Marks1102 Words   |  5 Pagesour lives whether that is digital or not, but we don’t know how the process behind it. This paper is about three different printing methods. Screen printing, Digital printing and 3D printing. It will go deeper into how each process works and how we get the printed product. First, Screen-printing is used to print on materials such as paper, fabric glass and even hard surfaces such as metal most people use screen printing for signs labels and decals such as stamps (Printing Process Descriptions: EnvironmentRead MorePrinter Models Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesFive 3D Printer Models That Will Hype You Up It seems like only yesterday that the mere thought of 3D printing came across as an absolute absurdity. Creating a physical, real life object directly from a digital design? Impossible! Fortunately for the people of the new age, it isn’t so much of an impossibility anymore. From being accessible only to a select group of people and businesses in the market, to becoming a worldwide sensation that nearly anyone and everyone covets, 3D printing has transcendedRead MoreThree Dimensional Printing Essay750 Words   |  3 PagesThree-dimensional Printing Processes Larry Hornbeck created digital light processing in 1987. Hornbeck invented the digital micro mirror device, first used for cinema projectors. This micro mirror device can be used for digital light processing, which uses arc lamps to harden a liquid plastic resin. Digital light processing is a low cost method and reduces waste. Selective laser melting uses a high-power laser beam to fuse and melt metallic powders. The laser fully melts the powder into a solid 3D object.Read MoreAmazon and 3d Printing1351 Words   |  6 Pages3d printing is no longer a theory or a concept. It has been available to industrial manufactures for the last few year but now as technology is advancing at its usual frightening pace the first home consumer printers are becoming available and like the original printers they are rapidly moving on from their slow, expensive and cumbersome beginnings . The Makerbot replicator 2 is an example of a 3d printer available to the consumer retailing for approx $2000. 3d printing relies on additive manufacturingRead MoreDesigning A 3d Printing Business908 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness that I choose to discuss is a 3D printing business which offers services to the medical sector, looking at the background information I would be discussing the History of 3D Printing, Medical Printing history , Introduction of 3D printing industry 3D printing, started in the late 80s by a company called Rapid Prototyping Technologies, although there was a delay in the patent application of the original conceiver Dr. Kodama. However the roots of 3D printing can be traced back to 1986 when theRead More3d Printing And Its Effect On The Entire Supply Chain Forever1303 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 3D printing is a new technology that could potentially change the entire supply chain forever. It is rapidly evolving and gaining a place in many companies. According to a survey performed by the Business Insider as seen in figure 1, 60 percent of firms are either actively using or are evaluating the potential of using 3D printing (Wile). There are an infinite number of uses for 3D printing that come along with advantages and disadvantages. The 3D Printing Process 3D printing, also knownRead More3d Printing Or Additive Manufacturing1630 Words   |  7 Pages 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross- section of the eventual object. It all starts with making a virtual design of the object you want toRead More3d Printing And Manufacturing Development1030 Words   |  5 Pages3D Printing and Manufacturing Introduction: In the history of known humanity, starting from the Stone Age,Technological progress has impacted humans more than anything such as changing from an animal cart to Cab less Motor Vehicles, Hand wheel to Nuclear power plant innovation in virtue to generate electricity, To advanced heating and cooling methodology from conventional wood fire or Stone tools to advance manufacturing tools. There are many more examples of technological evidence in the reference

Essay on The Morality of Torture - 1338 Words

The Morality of Torture The moral issue of torture is one that has come under scrutiny by many national and international organizations as of late. To talk about torture one must really understand what torture is. As taken from Dictionary.com â€Å"1.a. Infliction or severe physical pain as a means of punishment or coercion. b. An instrument or a method for inflicting such pain. 2. Excruciating physical or mental pain; agony. 3. Something causing severe pain or anguish.† This is just the literal meaning of the word but doesn’t entail the great horror that usually accompanies torture. As stated in the â€Å"Ticking Bomb† example given on the instruction sheets, â€Å"The interrogation won’t be pretty, and the prisoner may never recover. Shall we do†¦show more content†¦Mistreatment of people creates resentment and anger in the individual and his family, friends and community, and therefore any government-sanctioned torture here is certain to generate more hateful opponen ts of the US. The official use of torture by the President or another governing body in the U.S. (as given as a replacement on the instruction sheet for this paper) would nullify US efforts against torture abroad and undermine U.S. human rights policy. It also would signal to other governments that when faced with a special situation, any behavior is acceptable. It has been proven by organizations such as Human Rights Watch, United States Institute of Peace and The Crimes of War Project that legitimizing torture, even on a small scale, or any form of cruel treatment brings the principles and ethics that society is based on down. Especially if the U.S. uses it because to the rest of the world we are looked up to as the most law-biding nation, yet we bend the rules to fit each circumstance and look for the loop holes which brings further scrutiny on specific things such as; a POW not being a terrorist detainee and are somehow outside the realm of human rights laws against torture. Not only can torture be unproductive it can also work totally against a nation that uses it. For instance if the U.S. didn’t enforce the universally recognized right to not be tortured itShow MoreRelatedThe Morality Of Torture Is Always Morally Wrong977 Words   |  4 Pages The morality of torture has been debated for years. This paper will specifically discuss two articles of opposing viewpoints. David Gushee fervently argues against torture in his article Torture is Always Morally Wrong. In Torture is Moral When Inflicted for a Greater Good Patrick Buchanan argues in favor of torture. The latter of the two, presents the strongest case. Each article grapples the issue of torture in a unique perspective. Gushee’s bold stance against torture is clearly influenced byRead MoreThe Morality Of Torture On The Middle East Today And The War On Terrorism2356 Words   |  10 PagesMorality of Torture. With the issues going on in the Middle East today and the war on terrorism, the use of torture including murder, is a very widespread and controversial issue. Torture is viewed as morally wrong; therefore it is also legally wrong as well, not just on the home front but internationally as well (Is Torture Ever Justified). However, torture is sometimes not only right, but is needed for a greater good. With the case of torture you may not be able to see whether it is clearly wrongRead MoreThe Ethics of Torture Essay examples1206 Words   |  5 PagesThe institution of torture has been in existence for quite sometime; however, it was not always seen as an ethical question. In antiquity, the Romans employed something known as â€Å"the cat-of-nine-tails,† which was a flogging instrument with nine sharp ends. However, the use of torture was not confined to the West, the Chinese utilized â€Å"bamboo sticks to beat people.† During antiquity, torture was used as a punishme nt, but during the Spanish Inquisition, this notion of torture evolved to a meansRead MoreTorture Has Been Practiced Throughout History1685 Words   |  7 PagesTorture has been practiced throughout history. â€Å"Torture is any act that intentionally inflicts severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, when executed to serve a stated purpose other than punishment, such as gathering intelligence information or intimidating government dissenters†(â€Å"Torture†). Many cultures throughout history, such as the Romans, Jews, Egyptians, and many more have used torture as part of their justice and law system. One of the Roman’s torturing methods was crucifixionRead MoreTorture and Ethics1604 Words   |  7 PagesTorture and Ethics Paper Alfreepha Williams AJS/532 July 21, 2013 Patricia DeAngelis Torture and Ethics There are many views or definition of the word â€Å"torture†, which is often debated by many individuals. According to â€Å"International Rehabilitation Council For Torture Victims† (2005-2012), â€Å"torture is an act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining information or a confession, punishing him for anRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Violation1498 Words   |  6 Pagessubjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment† (O’Byrne, 2003, pg. 400). This human rights violation is also discussed in Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (408). While torture is discussed in many covenants and declarations as morally and legally wrong, many still argue that torture can be justified in certain situations. There are many answers and theories that can be applied to the everlasting question, is torture wrong? All theRead MoreThe United States War On Terror1158 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major innovations fostered by the â€Å"War on Terror† was the expansion of torture. The dramatic rise in terrorism sparked the unethical advancement of interrogation techniques in order to more effectively acquire information. The emergence of the â€Å"War on Terror† required government officials acquire intelligence in a new way thus spawning the emergence of â€Å"enhanced interrogation† methods, however, the morality of these techniques would come into question as they were revealed to the publicRead MoreTorture Allowed in the United States1408 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar incidents. Torture can be used to prevent these terrible incidents and save the lives of many people. Torture in the United States has been a debatable subject for many years now but after resent tragedies, the idea of torture of many American citizens has changed. It has also been de bated over more after the attacks on September 9, 2001 than any other time in American history. Many fight the legalization of torture for moral and civil reasons but the truth is that torture is a lesser evilRead MoreTorture and National Security: A Moral Question Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of morals, why they are important, and to whom or for whom our moral responsibility lends itself. The curriculum is a comprehensive examination of these questions and successfully projects ideas about human morality that, depending on which text, either affirmed or questioned our morality. In addition, we have addressed moral disengagement, a plague that seems to inject every one of us with the ability to ignore or reject situations which call for moral action. While the curriculum does an appropriateRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1154 Words   |  5 Pagesruthless, but when they are in our hands what exactly is acceptable to save lives. Interrogation can quickly turn t o torture as the line between the two can be thin. To understand and better handle these situations requires a proper perspective of morality, the purpose of interrogation and law. Morality is a tough subject and is defined by groups of people differently. Morality may have universal parts, but often it varies from culture to culture. (4) When molarity is discussed often times the

Challenges of Microfinance Banking in Nigeria Free Essays

CHALLENGES OF MICROFINANCE BANKING IN NIGERIA-1 Nigerians, like many other Africans are generally known as their brother’s keepers in view of the extended family system. But when truly analyzed, there is a possibility that this may not be so? Perhaps a hypothetical deep may reveal that not up to 10% of Nigerians would invest in ventures or people that would yield them nothing in return and here I mean, â€Å"Returns in the short run or in the immediate†. The returns may be financial, emotional, spiritual, relational or social. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges of Microfinance Banking in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now But fact is, there is something the investors expect in return when they give and these could include being worshipped as personal heroes, fear of harassments, fear of being harmed, for family ties, religious ties, being perceived as a caring corporate organization with the intent of bigger business tickets etc. Hardly do the â€Å"Nigerian rich† set aside a portion of their riches for the â€Å"unknown poor† or for true charity except such gifts are meant to make them be seen by the Society or Divinity as good or circumvent some threatening harms etc. This anti-poor behavior is projected into organizations; corporate, social, religious and sometimes even Government and parastatals as people see only the short end of developments without heeding the social woes of economic imbalance and insecurity. Consequent upon my above beliefs, I may classify the challenges of Microfinance banking in Nigeria under five (5) main headings: 1. COMMUNICATION GAPS AND INADEQUATE AWARENESS As a background to the undeniable problem of communication for effective microfinance, listen to this quote by Stan Paris on his article on Microfinance As A Means of Reaching The People â€Å"Problems of communication are endemic in the industry, dating back to what could be considered the first micro-loan. In 1976, Muhammad Yunus, a young economics professor at Chittagong University, Bangladesh, took his students into a small village where he discovered a woman crafting beautiful stools out of bamboo. He inquired what the woman earned for her work after repaying the trader from hom she borrowed. She told him she earned the equivalent of 2 cents in net profit. Yunus was appalled. He wanted to help her find a means of financing that would allow her to make more net profit. But, first, Yunus had an enormous communication barrier to overcome. That was a time in Bangladesh when women didn’t touch money and didn’t talk to men, explains Sam Daley-Harris, director of the Mic rocredit Summit Campaign, an important facilitator of dialogue in the industry. Yunus had to have a female student ask the woman a question, then return to tell him the answer. There were barriers of communication even in explaining the value proposition. † Truth is that today, communication barriers exists heavily in Nigeria particularly given that even within a State, there exist as many languages and dialects as exists ethnic groups. Also, high level of illiteracy even among the educated who fails to read important things that would enable them take positive steps towards personal, interpersonal and national development. I recall given many flyers of Elim Kit â€Å"n† Kin to a friend of mine who is well educated and is on a billion naira business locally and international. This guy was in a church service when a play-lets on Kit â€Å"n† Kin was delivered by a group of young people. But after the service, he approached me on how to go about empowering a friend he wants to help and when I suggested kit â€Å"n† Kin, he asked me what that was? Obviously, my educated friend neither read the flyer which is comprehensive and explanatory nor listened to the play†¦.. here lies the problem of many Nigerians of all classes, hence my concern for communication on micro financing. Lets now look at some of areas of specific communication challenges in Nigerian Microbanking In adequate awareness campaigns and supports by the regulators: The CBN and the NDIC as Federal Government’s engine of economic development need to do greater and continuous campaigns to all stake holders; investors, universal banks, the banking public, the micro targeted poor and low-medium scale entrepreneurs until the micro banking ideas sink in the society and gets well accepted. I hear and read the Governor of CBN assuring the public of safety of the Consolidated Banks. But the Similar truths and campaigns should also be carried for the microfinance industry Lack of trust by the oor themselves who believe that the microfinance banks are just like the unregulated community banks and unregulated finance houses. Going by the antecedents of the banking industry in general, no one would blame the people for lack of trust. Only effective and far-reaching campaigns and exhibited trust in the microfinance banks by the government and the regulators can achieve this desirable confi dence. An Uneducated Population: A critical ill of the populace in Nigeria is the bottom, bottom level of poor education of the people. A country where less than 10% of the populace pays attention to the print media, less than 20% listen or watch educative audio-visuals is a great challenge to information dissemination. Incidentally, the literally â€Å"very† educated people do not read handbills and communicative documents that deal with those things like microfinance banking since they have no interest in such activities. A survey of how many people would read this documentary would shock you even if the Guardian Newspapers circulate it free to just the middle and upper classers. This attitude is worse with the targeted microfinance clients. They are more interested in chasing their â€Å"kobos† than reading or listening to programs that would help them build up and improve on their standards of living The Active Poor’s Current Preference for Gifts Than Loans. Generally, a hindrance to economic development in Nigeria is the gift preference of the poor as a culture from political and religious biases. The politicians, the rich in religious circles, towns and villages all over Nigeria have cultured the poor to beggarliness and dependence rather than empowerment for productive and financial independence. Gifts are not usually regarded as re-investment treasures by the receivers. This is why givers ought to challenge the receivers to effectively put their gifts to work by rendering these helps through microfinance banks. Products such as ELIM Kit â€Å"n† Kin are meant for well intended givers to assist the poor live above perpetual begging. It is known internationally that micro-financing is not charity. Micro funds are meant for the productive activities of the beneficiaries. Consequently, only people who fall within the active poor or low income earners who are willing and able to utilize the loans for productive activities and repay both interest and capital are the bona-fide candidates for microfinance. 2. ANTI-POOR ATTITUDES OF NIGERIANS Dearth of quality investments in microfinance banks:. Most surplus spenders and investors in Nigeria, because of the lethargic attitudes to the poor, would not invest in Micro finance banks. They prefer to invest in the â€Å"billion naira profit making consolidated banks†. Again, Nigeria investors are coasted by the quick-return and trader-like attitudes which surely does not result in a meaningful development for the Nation. They are therefore unable to go through the gestation period required in the young microfinance industry for their investments to start yielding good dividends. The Grameen Bank of Mohammad Yunus did not start making profit in year one, but today, that bank is one of the most profitable financial institutions in Asia and yet, it is a financial institution with classic recognition for adding the greatest value to humanity. Snobbish and selfish attitudes by the financially well to do Nigerians. Hopefully, good campaigns and direct involvement by the who is who in Nigeria would solve the current snub by the rich on poverty alleviation programs and enable these categories of Nigerians see that Microfinance is both a good and rewarding investment and a good development project that directly and indirectly impact their lives. 3. INSUFFICIENT SUPPORT FROM THE REGULATORS AND GOVERNMENTS Poor buy-ins and competitive approaches by the State Governments and Local Governments. The policy direction towards the millennium development goals is that one percent of the annual votes of the State and Local Governments should be channeled to Microfinance banks for on-lending to the poor and low to medium scale entrepreneurs. So far, very few states have taken steps to get this started. Lagos state is a shinning example that has taken the lead to effectively and efficiently put microfinance banking into focus. Their microfinance institutionalization, the dept of involvement of the Ministry of Women Affairs and Poverty Alleviation in developmental activities at the grassroots is equaled by non I know in Nigeria of today. This Ministry is not just a moribund ministry; it is a ministry that is empowered and achieving evidential results. This ministry needs to be copied by every state in Nigeria. Today, some 800 microfinance banks are established in Nigeria, but some states rather than use the services of these banks licensed by the CBN, choose to find a round about way of dealing with mega banks or establishing their â€Å"owned† micro credit institutions. It is my candid opinion that government involvements in microfinance banking would be counterproductive as they should concern themselves with policy formulation and control rather than implementation. How can someone formulate policies, implement it and effectively control it? Nigerian Microfinance banks have what it takes to manage micro funds for states and international bodies and should be given the chance to do so under strict supervision and controls. How to cite Challenges of Microfinance Banking in Nigeria, Papers

Microwave Ovens Essay Example For Students

Microwave Ovens Essay Microwave OvensMicrowaves are also called electronic oven, and are appliances that cook food by means of high-frequency electromagnetic waves called microwaves. A microwave oven is a relatively small, boxlike oven that raises the temperature of food by subjecting it to a high-frequency electromagnetic field. The microwaves are absorbed by water, fats, sugars, and certain other molecules, whose consequent vibrations produce heat. The heating thus occurs inside the food, without warming the surrounding air; this greatly reduces cooking time, and baking and other cooking tasks that require hours in a conventional oven can be completed in minutes in a microwave oven. Microwave ovens generate radiation at a frequency of about 2,450 megahertz by means of a magnetron, which is a kind of electron tube. Since the heating occurs by an absorption process, microwave ovens tend to cook certain foods unevenly or at different rates. For example, moist foods cook faster than less moist ones and mois t outer layers tend to absorb most of the radiation before it can reach inner sections, which remain uncooked. Microwave ovens also cannot brown or crisp foods on the outside. Most types of glass, Styrofoam, polyethylene, paper, and similar materials do not absorb the microwaves and hence do not heat up. Foods cannot be cooked in metal vessels in a microwave oven, however, because the metal blocks out the microwaves. Microwave ovens are subject to safety standards that ensure minimal levels of radiation leakage from them, and no significant health hazards are associated with such leakage.

How important was Bismark in the unification of Germany Essay Example

How important was Bismark in the unification of Germany Essay Unification in Germany was a long held aspiration. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the German people were looking for an identity as a country and as a united people. This sense of nationalism stemmed from many origins such as Cultural, Economic, Political and Military. Through the Burtschengadens, wars of unification and the Creation of the Zolverein we can see that national sentiments were a wide spread phenomenon within Germany at this time, with growth of nationalism especially predominant in the Prussian area. Germany was aiming for unification, and the one man who brought about change is Otto von Bismark, upon whom the topic of German Unification is often centered on. He was seen as the smith of the nation and the force behind the developments of Unity of German states. However, there is a notation that Bismarks role in the unification process is often exaggerated. His admirers often exaggerate the extent of the obstacles in his path Medlicott. There were other factors that were significant in the Bringing together of Germany, however Bismark was able to manipulate them and bring a rapid expansion of national sentiments throughout the country resulting in the unification of Germany. Undoubtedly, Bismark contributed to a great extent in the unification of Germany; however, his amazing diplomatic skill wasnt in having perfect planning to achieve the aim of unifying Germen states. He was a brilliant diplomat and statesman, but in his famous Blood and iron speech, he set the tone for his rule he would use force to achieve his goals if necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on How important was Bismark in the unification of Germany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How important was Bismark in the unification of Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How important was Bismark in the unification of Germany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ends justify the means, Bismarck had particularly conservative aspirations and wanted to solve the problem of Klein versus Gross Deutschland, a heavily debated topic within Germany at the time. He gave rise to the term Realpolitik government policy was divorced from moral considerations, but dictated by the practical necessities of power and judged by success. Bismarks leadership can be described as cleverly calculated as his use of planning and manipulation was prevalent throughout. This was seen in his planning for the Austrian war, The Treaty of Prague and the manipulation of France. Taking advantages in the weakening of Austria after the Crimean War, Bismark intensified the unification of Germany under Prussian will. However equally important was the opportunistic notation of his leadership. Bismark was a clever opportunist who took full advantage of events as they occurred to secure his aims. He played this role well because he had a realistic insight into the nature of European politics. Since he had served as Prussian delegate to the Diet of the German Confederation, and ambassadors to St. Petersburg and Paris, he acquired first-hand insight on the structure of the Confederation, the necessity of a Russo-Prussian understanding, and the weaknesses of Napoleon III of France. His clever use of opportunism was expressed through the Ems telegraph. Bismark re-wrote the text of the Ems Telegram which was sent by the King in Ems. Bismark garnered the title of an opportunistic leader, as he also expressed this in the Polish revolt. Thus, it is fair to say Bismark was an opportunist rather than a master planner in completing the unification of Germany. He intended to strengthen the power of Prussia among the Germen states. Facing the threat of Austria, unless Prussia took the leading role in unification process, otherwise, Prussia would never have chance to come up. Bismark achieved the goal by taking advantages in circumstances, to build up friendship with powers, to isolate his enemies and to extend Prussian power in the name of German nationalism. This notation is reinforced by Pflanze only under the stimulation provided by Bismark for his own political ends did German Nationalism begin to move the masses. His diplomatic skill made himself as a significant political figure in Prussian politics. As expressed by Mosse -If he played his hand with great skill, it was a good one in the first place. Only on analyzing other factors influencing the unification of Germany, can we really determine whether or not Bismark role was greatly exaggerated. There were in fact many internal factors which contributed to the rise of nationalism. In 1815, nationalist feelings were expressed in universities among Germanys writer and poets such as Hansel and Gretel by the Grimm Brothers. Cultural nationalism found a repetitive audience amongst the middle classes who attended Germanys better schools and universities. They formed the Burtschengadens and student societies. However these were outlawed by Metternich in the Carlsbad decrees. The German states were starting to experience the related processes of industrialization and urbanization. The former created a growing class of unemployed artisans whose skills had been replaced by machines. The latter created slums and squalor. The consequent discontent led to demands for political change, for governments that would be more responsive to needs of the poor; some of these demands included a demand for single German government. In addition, the growing middle classes saw the advantages of unity as the customs union or Zollverein led by Prussia had increased their prosperity as trade flourished; this was also emphasized by the creation of the Frankfurt Parliament. Moreover Prussia itself was becoming richer and more able to pay for a large army that might challenge Austria. Finally economic growth meant improved communications and great travel especially by rail; nationalist ideas could spread more easily. As Carr said Prussia became railway to success. Thus in several ways social and economic change helped the rise of German nationalism. The idea of a united Germany had deeper roots. United by language it was felt that they should be united politically as well. There were external factors, which we have to establish in identifying whether Bismark role was greatly exaggerated. The French conquest, under Napoleon, of the German states had profound consequences. Invasion, occupation by a foreign ruler and a war of liberation, all inspired a stronger sense of German identity. The French had rearranged the small states into 3 large ones demonstrating that change was possible. They had also introduced liberal laws which removed the power and privileges of the nobility. The spread of liberalism helped develop nationalism as it reinforced the idea that people with a common language, tradition and culture had a right to decide they should be part of one state. Political nationalism hinges on the collective weakness of the German states in the face of the foreign states. The German states faced threats expansionism from powers including Russia threatening Prussia and Austria, France threatening the west bank of the Rhine and Denmark threatened territory in the Duchies of Schleswig. Bismarks role has not been greatly exaggerated but it is important that it is kept in context. It is evident that many historical opinions have huge divided. It is clear that Bismark formed Germany in the manner in which it came about. For instance, the type of state that emerged and the timescale in which it emerged. However, it is equally clear that greater German unity was something that had a degree of unavoidability and that as Bismark himself remarked Marked cannot create the current of events, He can only float with it and steer.

Ladys life Essay

Ladys life Essay Ladys life Essay Quiz one Fremount Culture- Haunted and farmed in western Colorado between A.D. 650 and 1200. Fremont people left distinct rock art on cliff walls. They also made a unique kind of basket, and they made gray-coiled pottery. Like other groups, they left behind grinding stones, arrow points, and other stone tools. Anasazi- Lived in Colorado for more then a 1000 years in southwestern Colorado. They were gardening and gather. They Made Mesa Verde’s cliff Palace, which housed 400 people. Arapahoe- Ute- Paleo-Indians- Clovis Culture- Cheyenne Atl-Atl- Comanche- Arachaic Indians- Quiz 2 Zebulon Pike- Juan Ulibarri- El Cuaratelejo- Juan Baustista de Anza- Dominquez and Escalant- San Luis- Pedro de Villasur- San Carlos- Cuerno Verde- Stephan Long- Quiz 3 Bent’s Fort- Fort Vasquez- Ceran St. Vrain Lancaster Lupton- John C. Fremont- William Becknell- Santa Fe Trail- Jim Beckwourth- Kit Carson- American Fur Company- Chapter 4 William Gilpin- William Larimer- Placer mining- George Jackson- Swansea Smelting Process- John Gregory- William Green Russell- Lode Mining- Elizabeth Byers- Aunt Clara Brown- QUIZ 5 John Evans- Fort El Pueblo Massacre- Sand Creek Massacre- Battle of Beecher Island- Cheyenne Dog Soldiers- Black Kettle- John Chivington- Battle of Summit Springs Meeker Massacre- Ouray- Quiz 6 Colorado Central Railroad- Kansas Pacific Railroad- Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R.R.- Denver & Rio Grande Railroad- Otto

Underland and The Architecture of Loss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Underland and The Architecture of Loss - Essay Example Of course I never missed out on being awed with their signature movements which is demonstrated through rapid and unpredictable pelvic and torso movements in a ripple effect which shifts from vertical to horizontal repetitiously. This for me achieved the use of the multiply space movement that allows the audience to see the bigger picture of the whole story of the dance through bigger movements which sometimes makes it hard for the audience to catch up with or absorb. The almost hour long show definitely was exhilarating and refreshing as aside from the frenzied mood conveyed in the dance through the techno-body of its dancers, Stepehen Petronio combines it with class and style. The story that I was able to filter from the whole performance would probably be the confusion created in a world that is filled with ambiguity. I say this because of the seductive movements accompanied with hallucinatory music which is in turn shifted to a more aggressive movements supported by morbid music. Also, he was able to instill among its audience the feeling of fear demonstrated in the dance through the jarring choreography. Indeed, though Stephen Petronio’s â€Å"Underland† does not tell a specific story with a chronological plot, he is able to capture confusion, sexuality, and violence in a tasteful and strong manner. This was greatly backed up by the illustrative dance moves and roles he set each dancer in the stage to portray. Some of which really imprinted all throughout would be the "implicit expressions of war and loss. Indeed, the show was really such a pleasure to watch and is definitely physically and mentally satisfying. The â€Å"Architecture of Loss† by Stephen Petronio on the other hand was more of a contemporary piece compared to the former. This choreography, like the former does not really tell a very clear and chronological story however, every movement is in itself an impression that the author conveys to the audience. What is very

Licensing parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Licensing parents - Essay Example He, additionally, asserts that if there is a reliable procedure to in vetting parents then licensing should be the way to go. He argues that parents have the potential of causing grave harm to their children both physically and psychologically. He explains that annually hundreds of thousands of children are physically abused while others are neglected. Such treatment by parents remains as scars both physical and psychological for the rest of the children’s lives. Such children end up engaging in criminal activities and even proceed to harm their children as well and thus end up as unhappy adults (Lafollette 523). This explanation means that parenting can cause harm and thus qualifies as a licensable activity. When talking about violating the rights or freedoms of others in licensing parenting, Lafollette uses human sacrifice and slander to explain. He states that people have the freedom of speech and expression but this freedom is limited to things like slander where the latter violates the right of the victim. The same goes for human sacrifices which are religious practices not covered by the first amendment where there is freedom of worship. He further asserts that having children, by itself, it not a right but a responsibility bestowed on both parents. When this responsibility is neglected or exercised carelessly then the right of the parents ceases to exist. Therefore, when parents are able to prove their ability to procreate without violating the rights of others, then they should be licensed to proceed. The procedure to vet future harmless parents may not be foolproof and will end up resulting in the same issues that the license aimed to avert. It is easy to question how a test for parenting competence can be formulated so as to be reliable. One of the mistakes Lafollette makes is to casually compare a potentially controversial issue; licensing parenting to others that are not at all controversial; licensing driving and people to practice medicine among

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Operations Management - Essay Example For Nestle S.A, a Swiss multinational nutritional and health-related goods provider and the largest food company in the world, it is essential to realize the importance of operations management, of its strategies and directions. Proper operations management will allow the company to satisfy the requirements of its customers, develop intrinsic capabilities for the long-term success, understand where it should locate its resources and expand them accordingly, develop relationships with other organizations and invest the proper type of technology in the development of its business operations. Founded more that hundred years ago, today Nestle attracts customers all around the world with the variety of such products as baby food, bottled water, breakfast and cereals, coffee products, confectionery and dairy products, snacks and pet food. Being the largest food company across the globe, Nestle finds it more important to be the world’s leading food company. However, constant changes in the global market require the company to achieve efficiency in its products and service operations in order to stay commercially viable. The following paper will critically assess the operational methods and strategies adopted by Nestle; it will identify what the operations objectives are and then suggest the sort of process that should be operating. For the purpose of proposing the improvement for the operations of the company, certain recommendations will be gives as well. There is no organization that can plan its future actions with every detail it expects. However, what all business need is the strategic direction to what it will move forward. Whether the operations function is realized by the company, it needs to form a set of business principle and rules that will be guided by the decision making process. The most important feature of the operations of a particular company is the aligning of its activities with the overall strategy of the organization

Crime Victim Provisions: An analysis

Crime Victim Provisions: An analysis Critically explore the needs of victims of crime and the services currently provided for them. Include reference to the demands of the victim movement and the limitations of the current criminal justice system. The recent years in the UK and throughout the world has seen the importance and influence of human rights growing. This has had an effect on the law as a whole, but instead of the good of society being protected by statute and common law the individual has come to the forefront, i.e. an individuals rights cannot be derogated unless a set criterion is followed. Therefore this focus on the individual has not only given stricter rules for the courts and police to follow in respect to suspected and convicted criminals, it has also laid an emphasis on the individual victim and the resources, after-care and support, as well the effect on sentencing in respect to criminal cases and restitution or compensation in respect to civil cases. The recent rise of the role of victims in the Criminal Justice system is highly important, which will be identified in the discussion of restorative justice. The role model for incorporating the victim providing restitution and their needs can be seen in Australia within Victorian Criminal Justice System. Therefore this case study is not going to explore not the medical help that victims need and which have been procured, but their search for justice and restitution and compare it to the UKs approach to the victim in the Criminal Justice System. It is here that the victims rights groups are calling for justice, as seen in the recent Home Office Survey of Victims Rights Groups wishes, i.e. a true role for the victim in the Justice system, especially Criminal Justice:To genuinely reflect the needs of victims, the social rights referred to in the paper The social rights of victims of crime should be included in the new Charter, clearly identifying the agencies responsible for delivering them. Restorative Justice: This is the most modern reasoning for sentencing and balances the various elements of the sentencing, such as the victims needs, the rehabilitation of the offender, interests of protecting society. It could be adapted to include public opinion, but in the interests of justice it would need to be informed public opinion because the theory is Rawlsian in nature, which results in a theory from the standpoint of justice. Rawls in his thesis for engendering equality states that justice is the prime basis of all government and to ensure justice, the access to justice for all is the obvious means and end to ensure justice is fulfilled; therefore in the Criminal Justice system this would include the access to justice for the offender, the victim, and the rights for the public to voice their opinion on sentencing of a convicted criminal. Rawls theory is based on a few key ideas, which are the rights and duties of government/institution of society and the burdens and benef its of citizens co-operating. Rawls bases his theory on distributive justice, where inequalities are restrained by the greatest benefit of least advantaged and each person has the condition of fair equality of opportunity. Therefore Rawls would allow for restorative justice but retribution would be unjust, rather aims to rehabilitate and return the perpetrator to society would be appropriate, i.e. in order for the perpetrator to compensate society because if the perpetrator is rehabilitated and educated then society will be benefited. Rawls would argue that there is a role for the victim in the sentencing procedure and for public opinion as long as the perpetrator is not subject to hatred, prejudice and vengeance that would be the fear if public opinion was allowed to take over the proceedings. Rather Rawls would argue there needs to be a balance between the rights of the perpetrator, the publics opinion and its protection and the victims access to justice. There still needs to be the rule of law and objectivity but within the realms of these new considerations. It is possible that the perfect model the Victorian Sentencing Advisory Council has met these obstacles and created a system that allows an ap propriate mixture of these elements. Victorian Sentencing The Victim Role in the Criminal Justice System: The VSAC was set up to ensure that there was just sentencing as well as allowing for the victim to have a sufficient statutory role in the sentencing procedure. This follows ensuring that the victim plays a proper role in respect to the criminal justice system. Yet in order for there not to be retributive and vengeance sentencing and in order to stop tainting of the trial before the judgment the role of the victim is closely monitored. Section 5 of the Sentencing Act 1991 ensures: Just punishment to punish the offender to an extent and in a manner which is just in all of the circumstances; Specific and general deterrence to deter the offender or other persons from committing offences of the same or a similar character; Rehabilitation to establish conditions within which it is considered by the court that the rehabilitation of the offender may be facilitated; Denunciation to denounce the type of conduct engaged in by the offender; Community protection to protect the community from the offender; or a combination of two or more of the above purposes. Therefore this limits the role of the victim and ensures that the defendants rights and the victims rights and community views are balanced. It also allows for informed public opinion to be taken into account in the sentencing procedure. This sentencing procedure takes the views of victims and the public in to account through a thoroughly monitored manner, rather than allowing the press to have a field day and public outcry. The Victorian sentencing procedure allows for the victims views to be taken in the form of an impact statement and this only occurs if the defendant is found guilty, i.e. this system does not allow such views to taint the defendants right to a fair hearing. In addition sentencing is gauged against informed public opinion rather than the outcry of the uneducated or the enraged so that there is a rounder understanding on the effects of the crime on the society and the individual. The British Approach to Victims: The government has always been on the side of the victim it takes on his or her case and seeks to punish the perpetrator but it has no always done so with enough rigour or sensitivity of their needs.Helena Kennedy focuses on the problem with the Criminal Justice System in the UK in respect to the lack of acknowledgment for the victim. In many ways the system is cold to the victim; it forgets there is more than retributive justice. The England and Wales Sentencing Advisory Council is made up of judges and academics, there is no real voice for the victim as in Australia. The only impact statements by the victim are those taken by the police and prosecution, when the victim is in a highly stressful situation. It pervading culture of the UKs system is that a conviction will satisfy the needs of the victim; this is not the case as the VSAC has seen. In many cases the victim needs to know why the crime happened and have the ability to talk the perpetrator . Also this is a method that can help the perpetrator acknowledge the harm done and hopefully rehabilitate the offender, especially in the youth justice system. The UK system has recognized this and in has instituted this as an alternative to imprisonment in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. The key is the use of restorative justice, the approach taken in Australia, which is understanding and balancing the needs of the perpetrator and the victim. The problem in the UK is that on some levels it recognizes the need for this balance, but on others especially in the recent wakes of the terrorist attacks to forget about justice and civil liberties in order to have to power to punish anyone who may be a threat. It has followed the media frenzy of the US and forgotten about justice. The victim no longer figures in such approaches but the needs of the state. In order to satisfy the victims needs there needs to be an inclusive role, such as answers, apologies, informing the offe nder of the impact of their crimes on innocent people, crime prevention and restitution. This is harder in respect to serious crimes, but sometimes the reasons for the actions of the perpetrator not only help the victim to reconcile their experiences but it also ensures that the government understands the reasoning for certain crimes and make the perpetrator understand the impact of their crimes. Therefore the role of the victim in the Criminal Justice System is more than just attending a court room but can play a role in understanding and preventing crime. The VSAC has understood this problem and has introduced impact statements, as well as more diverse advisory panel and the influence of informed public opinion; rather than the pick n mix that the UKs government is taking whenever it suits the needs of the state. This approach was verbalized by John Major during his leadership as condemn more and understand less but as Helena Kennedy argues the victims of crime, their desire is often to understand why a criminal acted as they did. Conclusion: The objective approach that the VSAC makes it very hard for the press to create witch hunts and put pressure on the court to impose an unjust sentence in favour of perceived public opinion; rather the specific victims of the crime are taken into account. This objective approach halts and the fears that the courts will become a place for the media based witch hunts are stopped and justice for the victim is considered at the same time as balancing the justice for the defendant. This creates a unique approach to criminal justice and possibly a way forward for ensuring that victims do gain a voice, without the witch hunts that have been seen recently in the US, especially those held in Guatanamo Bay. Also the UK system which is on the brink of following the US should heed the fears of those in the UK justice system against the media/witch hunt approach and follow the approach the VSAC and subsequent jurisdictions in Australia have taken, which is to balance the criminal justice between the public opinion, the victim and the defendent in an objective manner as Justice Badgery-Parker states: [T]he need which the criminal justice system exists to fulfil is the need to interpose between the victim and the criminal an objective instrumentality which, while recognising the seriousness of the crime from the victims point of view and, in the case of murder, the magnitude of the loss which the victims family and friends have sustained, attempts to serve a range of community interests which include but go beyond notions merely of retribution. In order to do this there needs to be easy access to forums and practioners from the Criminal Justice system in order to stress the different reasoning behind sentencing procedures, as well as Victims AND Offenders rights groups in the UK. Bibliography: R G Fox, 1995, Victorian Criminal Procedure: State and Federal Monash Law Book Co-operative Freiberg, 2001,Sentencing Options, Sentencing Review 2001Discussion Paper Freiberg, 2002, Pathways to Justice Sentencing Review 2002 Discussion Paper Graycar Morgan, 2005, Law Reform Whats in it for Women, Windsor Yearbook on Access to Justice Volume 23 Home Office, 2001, Review of the Victims Charter: Summary of Responses can be found at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/vcreviewvictims.html Helena Kennedy, 2004, Just Law, Vintage BooksJohn Rawls, The Theory of Justice (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1971) Rawls J., Justice as Fairness: a restatement, (E. Kelly Ed) (2001, Cambridge Mass, Harvard University press) Ridge, M. 2003 Giving the dead their due Ethics 114: 38-59. Sentencing Advisory Council, About Sentencing Principles and Purposes, can be found at: http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/CA256F82000D281D/page/About+Sentencing?OpenDocument1=20-About+Sentencing~2=~3=~

The Use Of The Word Love :: essays research papers

Six months after I met a young man, he expressed to me how much he loved me. Being sixteen years old, I thought it to be very flattering but I could not accept him saying this to me. The word, love in the romantic sense, is something that would take so much out of me to say to a person. Love is something that you express to someone that you can not, in any way, see living your life without. The last time I saw the young man who supposedly loved me, was on my seventeenth birthday when he told me I was a waste of his time. Love is the strongest emotion and most powerful word anyone can say to someone else. Some people use the word love everyday as though it is not as big of a deal as it really is. Jewel's song, "Always," illustrates a definition of love. The first line of the song totally defines love in the same way I do with, "Please don't say 'I love you,' those words touch me much too deeply." With this one line, my entire definition of love is presented. There are other things people can love: a pet, family members, certain kinds of food but these are all loved by a different kind of love. There are millions of ways you can love, but this kind of love does not happen all the time to a person. It is the kind of love that is not there at the beginning, but grows inside you. This kind of love is for another person that you can not see your life without, even though at one time it was without that person. To express this to someone is to propose to commit your life to that other person. The other person may not feel the same way and that is why it is hard to accept someone saying that. One expressing their love to another is the greatest compliment one could ever receive for they are wanted in someone else's life forever.There are some people that do not understand the meaning of love and use it all the time as though it was just some word that makes people happy. The young man who told me he loved me also told me a month later that I was a waste of his time. He is an example of someone using the word just to make others or even himself happy.

Are the Concerns over Globalization Justified?

Globalization is one of the most vibrant, contested, and debated issues in modern international relations. Some argue that globalization brings great benefits, while others argue that globalization is fundamentally flawed. Countries in the world today are largely Interconnected, whether through trade relations, cultural exchanges, multinational cooperation on world issues like the environment and natural resources.The term â€Å"globalization† is a process of worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and communications Integration, where the world becomes ore Interlinked and connected. Whether the concerns over globalization Is Justified or not, questions if the worries of globalization is supported by logical and substantial reasons. As much as globalization has its pros sand cons, I feel that the concerns over globalization are valid.The reason being that globalization results in culture leveling, ethnocentrism, economic disparity, technological disparity, enviro nmental degradation and lastly, unemployment and labor drain One concern of globalization Is culture leveling, where cultures become homogeneous and local culture Is lost. This Is process by which different cultures become increasingly similar to one another, most often as a result of travel and communication. The danger of cultural leveling is that it can erode the traditional cultural practices, beliefs and interests of one group, in favor of another, therefore creating one culture that dominates all others.Due to globalization, countries have been opening up to trade and welcoming foreign investments to their country. Local cultures feel threatened and overwhelmed by foreign products and their associated values Like In the phase of Singapore, there are many foreign investments, such as the all-famous McDonald's. Those foreign eateries are slowly replacing the hawker centre and food courts here, as more people preferred eating at such places compared oat hawker centre and food cou rts. As a result, there is homogeneities of culture, loss of cultural diversity and the erosion of culture.For example, cultural products now make up the second largest United States' export behind aircraft. In 1992, the united States purchased only $288 million in cultural products from the nations of the European Community (SEC) combines, while the SEC nations bought $3. 7 billion in US cultural products. Culture leveling is a serious and long-term problem cause once the cultural sites are gone, It Is difficult or almost Impossible to revive them again. Even If It Is possible to construct similar bulldogs, It may not have the nostalgia feel.Therefore the concern of culture leveling over globalization is Justified. Another concern of globalization Is ethnocentrism whereby we make false assumptions about another culture, can often lead to misinterpretation, prejudice and negative relations between social groups, due to the exchange of cultures encouraged by globalization. Globalizat ion allows people from all over the world to exchange cultures with one another. The problem with this is that there will be increased proximity arising from increased trade, which could lead to conflict because different groups have divergent values, beliefs and norms.As a result, there will be increasing outbursts of violence that run along ethnic and cultural lines. An example is the Samuel Huntington Clash of Civilizations, a theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. There are basically six main explanations to his theory. First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion.Second, the world is becoming a smaller place. The interactions between peoples of different civilizations are increasing; these increasing interactions intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations. Third, the processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from longstanding local identities. They also weaken the nation state as a source of identity. Fourth, the growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West.Fifth, cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones. Finally, economic regionalism is increasing. This problem of ethnocentrism might be serious if people continue to differentiate others with their values, beliefs and norms. Tension might build up among the people with different values, beliefs and norms, as they will misunderstand one another thus causing long-term problems because it is unlikely o resolve the conflict overnight and their way of thinking may be negatively influenced by their peers.Therefore, the concern of ethnocentrism over globalization is Justified. The third concern of globalization is economic disparity. Globalization may result in greater economic disparity between the rich and poor, basically the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. This is because the rich seek to benefit themselves; the rich countries are also better equipped (in terms of infrastructure, educational level of their people and amount of capital etcetera) to reap the benefits. One example is the growing concentration and monopolizing of economic resources and power by Multinational Corporations (Macs) and global financial firms.Only 20% of the world population in the developed countries receives 82. 7% of the world income. In 1989, the average income of 20% of the people living in the richest country was 60 times higher than 20% of the people living in the poorest countries. Shockingly, this ration had doubled 30 times from 1950. However, this cannot be blamed on globalization solely becau se the higher income of the rich in less developed or developing countries has not been translated into investment, exulting in unemployment and the growing income disparity. Even if they had done so, this does not narrow the income gap between the two groups significantly.Thus, this problem of income disparity is serious and long-term because countries would only want to speed up the rate of the improvement of their economy so that the parts of the country will be more productive than to improve the less developed parts of the country. Thus, government tends to ignore the poorer parts of the country or improve it at very slow rate, causing the widening of income gap. It also takes a lot of mime and money to narrow the income gap of the rich and poor which would be detrimental to the country's economy. Therefore, the concern of economic disparity over globalization is Justified.Another concern of globalization that should be addressed is the increasing technological disparity betwee n the rich and the poor countries. Globalization may result in greater technological disparity between the rich (e. G. United States of America) and the poor countries (e. G. Africa). The emerging world economy is electronic. Countries will be integrated through info systems and technology. The ore developed countries are better equipped in terms of infrastructure and the educational level to harness the advanced technology. The less developed countries will thus remain on the periphery.For example, Nikkei industry in Vietnam and Thailand tends to be labor intensive and therefore rely on low-tech or less skilled labor Just because they have a lot of labor. But this is not exactly caused by globalization. Different countries have different capacities to adopt technology. Thus, Olds must find their own balance between globalization and use of IT and the pace of trade liberalizing. Many countries suffer from absence of science and technology infrastructure and technology policies. Also , they have poor utilization of available technical manpower.Governments and non-governmental organizations should also step back and allow markets and private sector to play greater role in transfer of technology. The problem of technological disparity is rather serious. Technological disparity is also linked to income disparity, if a country does not have enough incentives and funds, the country is unable to purchase new or more advanced technology, thus the productivity of that particular cannot may not be as efficient as entries who are able to purchase advanced and latest technology to help in their production.Countries that do not have the purchasing ability are most likely the less developed countries or poorer parts of a country while countries that are able to enjoy such blessings of advanced technologies are the more developed countries and the richer parts of a country. Hence the poorer regions will remain poor as their productivity remain low while richer regions continu e to prosper. Thus technological disparity between the rich and poor countries is a long-term problem of liberation, which is Justified.However some may argue that the concerns over globalization are not Justified because the problems can be minimized. Globalization has caused the improvement of technology and transport making transport more convenient and efficient to carry goods and people from one place to another. One example that globalization has improved transportation is the creation of cars. There is an increasing trend in the number of people who owns a car. Cars emit greenhouse gases such as carbon deplete and leading to the increase rate of global warming.Thus with advance genealogy, the catalytic converter was invented to convert those pollutant gases to less harmful gases. But not all countries actually make it compulsory for all cars to instill the catalytic converter in their vehicles unlike Singapore. Hence even if there is this converter to convert harmful gases to less harmful gas, it will not have a large impact on the environment if very few people use that. Greenhouse gas emissions are also caused by rapid industrialization in the developing world and the heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Environmental depletion is also caused by the overuse of sources.This is because there has been a rise in demand and ecosystem removal as a result of population growth. The need for disposable products has caused logging to be on the increase, which result in the excessive deforestation. Once the ozone layer is depleted, it is non-reversible, neither can it be cured. Thus this is a very serious problem and it is long-termed because there is nothing that can be done to reverse the effect of ozone depletion except to slow down the rate of global warming. Therefore environmental degradation is a concern of globalization that can be Justified.

Rome city pros and cons essays

Rome city pros and cons essays Rome, as any society, suffered from imperfection. The city experienced some of the greatest architecture, art, entertainment, and trade, however it suffered from many wars, poverty, and cruelty. It was a city of extremes. Even through hardships the Ancient city of Rome achieved sophistication and opportunities. Rome, considered a city of great services and entertainment. Rome, not like most cities, supplied running water to its residents through aqueducts. Romes popularity and city-paved roads allowed it to be a successful city for trade. The baths in Rome were open to all the public. Lucian commented On entering [the baths], one is received into a public hall of good size, with ample accommodation for servants and attendants. The rich and poor both enjoyed the lavish baths. Not to be forgotten, the population suffering from poverty was provided with free bread and entertainment. As Fronto states The emperors were very careful not to neglect the basic needs of the inhabitants of Rome. They enjoyed the free views of gladiatorial games and the most popular chariot races in the Circus Maximus, holding about a fourth of Romes population. The gladiatorial combats helped control Romes population and punished those who had committed crimes. The Bread and Circuses allowed peace to exist in the ci ty. Rome offered the aristocratic people much more than its common people. Juvenal states In a word, in Rome everything costs money; It takes great wealth to sleep in the city. Much of the Roman population lived in poverty suffering of hunger and unsanitary conditions. The streets were not only filthy, but dangerous. Chamber pots of human waste and objects such as utensils would often be thrown out of windows onto the people, injuring many. Baths were not a luxury to those who lived nearby having to hear the loud, obnoxious sounds of its users. The entertainments including gladiat...

Early Decision Deadlines for Every College With ED

Early Decision Deadlines for Every College With ED SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're applying early decision, then you've already accomplished something pretty rare in the college application process- you know exactly where you want to go to college! This guide goes overyourtimeline for applying early decision and provides a comprehensive list of deadlines for all early decision schools. Read on to learn everything you will need to know about applying early decision to your dream school. What You Need to Know About Early Decision Early decision is a unique option when it comes to applying to college because it's binding. That's why you should only apply this way if you're 100% sure you want to go to the schooland will be able to enroll regardless of the financial aid offer you receive. If you apply early decision, you'll sign a statement of binding agreement to enroll. Since this is a big commitment, most colleges with early decision also require your parents and school counselor to sign this form, which can usually be found online throughtheCommon Applicationor aschool's individual application form. Early decision might or might not actually have an early deadline. The traditional deadlines are in November,usually the 1st or the 15th, and you're typically notified of the admissions decision in December. Some schools now also offer Early Decision II. Early Decision II is still binding, but the deadline is pushed forward, usually to sometime in January.This option is for applicants who are decided on a specific college but could benefit from a few more months to prepare their applications. Applicants who apply ED II will get their admissions decision earlier than usual, typically in February. Regardless of whether you apply Early Decision I or II, all early decision applicants have to accept their offers and send in their deposits quickly after notification, rather than waiting until the national response date of May 1. If you're applying Early Decision I, your challenge is to prepare the strongest application you can by the November deadline. Let's look at a possible timeline for gathering your application materials. Timeline for Applying Early Decision If you're applying early decision, it's probably safe to say that you're excited about attending your school of choice. To make this happen, though, you want to submit the strongest application you can. For the SAT/ACT, you'll want to start prepping months in advance,even a year or more. If your early decision deadline is in November, your last opportunity to take the ACT or SAT will be in September or October,respectively. At this point, you probably won't be able to view your scores before deciding whether to send them off to colleges. To put less pressure on yourself, you could test earlier and have your scores all set by the end of your junior year. You might alsoask your junior-year teachers for recommendations at the end of junior year, when your work will be fresh in their minds. At the absolute latest, you want to ask your counselor and teachers for recommendations a month before your deadline. In most cases, you should ask by October 1. You also want to give your high school at least threeweeks' to a month's notice for sending off your transcript and any other official documents that need to be sent to colleges. You might have to fill out a form and pay a small fee. Finally, you should work on your personal essayand any other supplemental application essays over the summer before senior year. Writing the personal essay is a process, and you want to give yourself time to brainstorm, draft, get feedback, and revise. You can spend September and October filling out your college applications, writing about your extracurricular activities, and proofreading what you've written for any errors or typos. As long as you start planning and preparing your application months in advance, you should be good to go for your early decision deadline. To recap, here's what your schedule might look like if you're applying Early Decision I: Step 1: Take the SAT or ACT early so you have enough available test dates to retake it, if desired. You might take the test first in the spring of sophomore year, again in the fall of junior year, and a third time in the spring of junior year. If you move this schedule forward, just remember that the fall of senior year will be your last opportunity to take the test. Step 2: Ask for teacher recommendations at the end of junior year, or ask for teacher and counselor recommendationsby October 1 at the latest. Step 3: Make your request for your high school transcript to be sent by October 1. Depending on your school, you might have to fill out a form and pay a small fee. Step 4: Work on your personal essay and any other essays over the summer and fall. Step 5: Fill out your application in September and October,making sure to edit for clarity and proofread for errors. If you're applying Early Decision II, you'll have more available test dates to take the SAT/ACT. You might also send your mid-year senior grades on your transcript. Waiting for this later deadline, if available, can be a good option if you're not totally satisfied with your academic record and test scores and feel you could present a stronger candidacy in January. Now that you have a sense of the early decision application process, let's look at the deadlines of some popular schools. Some offer Early Decision II, while others don't have that second deadline (these ones say "N/A"). Early Decision Deadlines of Popular Schools School Deadline for ED I Deadline for ED II American University November 15 January 15 Boston University November 1 January 2 Bowdoin College November 15 January 1 Brandeis University November 1 January 1 Brown University November 1 N/A Colby College November 15 January 1 Columbia University November 1 N/A Cornell University November 1 N/A Dartmouth College November 1 N/A Duke University November 1 N/A Emory University November 1 January 1 Johns Hopkins University November 1 N/A New York University November 1 January 1 Northwestern University November 1 N/A Pomona College November 1 January 1 Smith College November 15 January 1 Tufts University November 1 January 1 University of Pennsylvania November 1 N/A Vanderbilt University November 1 January 1 Wesleyan University November 15 January 1 It tends to be smaller schools that offer Early Decision II, perhaps so they can have greater control over their enrollment numbers.The next chart is acomprehensive list of all the schools with early decision and their respective deadlines. Early Decision Deadlines of All Schools The following schools are listed in alphabetical order, so you can either scroll through the chart or use ctrl + F to jump straight to your school of interest. School State Early Decision Deadline Early Decision II Deadline Early Decision Notification Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences NY November 1 N/A December 15 Alfred University NY December 1 N/A December 15 Allegheny College PA November 15 February 1 Not reported American University DC November 15 January 15 December 31, February 15 Amherst College MA November 1 N/A December 15 Babson College MA November 1 January 2 December 15, February 15 Barnard College NY November 1 N/A December 15 Bates College ME November 15 January 1 December 20, February 15 Beloit College WI November 1 N/A December 1 Bennington College VT November 15 January 15 December 14, February 8 Bentley University MA November 15 N/A December 31 Boston University MA November 1 January 2 December 15, February 15 Bowdoin College ME November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Brandeis University MA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 1 Brown University RI November 1 N/A December 15 Bryant University RI November 1 January 15 December 1, February 15 Bryn Mawr College PA November 15 January 1 Not reported Bucknell University PA November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Carleton College MN November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Carnegie Mellon University PA November 1 N/A December 15 Case Western Reserve University OH November 1 January 15 December 17, February 1 Centre College KY November 15 N/A January 1 Champlain College VT November 15 N/A Not reported Christopher Newport University VA November 15 N/A December 15 Claremont McKenna College CA November 1 January 5 December 15, February 15 Clarkson University NY December 1 N/A January 1 Colby College ME November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Colgate University NY November 15 January 15 December 15, Rolling College of New Rochelle NY November 1 N/A December 15 College of the Atlantic ME December 1 January 15 December 15, January 30 College of the Holy Cross MA December 15 N/A Rolling College of William and Mary VA November 1 January 1 Early December, early February College of Wooster OH November 1 January 15 November 15, February 1 Colorado College CO November 10 January 15 December 13, February 15 Columbia University NY November 1 N/A December 15 Connecticut College CT November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art NY November 1 (architecture), December 3 (engineering) N/A Not reported Cornell University NY November 1 N/A December 15 Cox College (Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program) MO June 1 N/A Not reported Dartmouth College NH November 1 N/A December 15 Davidson College NC November 15 January 2 December 15, February 1 Denison University OH November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 DePauw University IN November 15 January 15 December 1, February 1 Dickinson College PA November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Drew University NJ November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Duke University NC November 1 N/A December 15 Duquesne University PA November 1 N/A Not reported Earlham College IN November 1 N/A December 15 Elon University NC November 1 N/A December 1 Emory University GA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Fairfield University CT November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Five Towns College NY January 4 N/A Not reported Flagler College FL November 1 N/A December 15 Florida Southern College FL November 1 N/A December 15 Franklin Marshall College PA November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Furman University SC November 1 N/A November 15 George Washington University DC November 1 January 5 December 31, February 28 Gettysburg College PA November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Goucher College MD November 15 N/A December 15 Grinnell College IA November 15 January 1 December 15, Early February Grove City College PA November 1 December 1 December 15, January 15 Hamilton College NY November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Hamline University MN November 1 N/A Not reported Hampden-Sydney College VA November 15 N/A Early December Hampshire College MA November 15 January 1 December 15, February 1 Hartwick College NY November 1 N/A Not reported Harvey Mudd College CA November 15 January 5 December 15, February 15 Haverford College PA November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 High Point University NC November 1 February 1 November 28, Rolling Hillsdale College MI November 1 N/A Early December Hobart and William Smith Colleges NY November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Hollins University VA November 1 N/A Not reported Ithaca College NY November 1 N/A December 15 Johns Hopkins University MD November 1 N/A December 15 Juniata College PA November 15 N/A December 15 Kalamazoo College MI November 1 February 1 December 1, March 1 Kenyon College OH November 15 January 15 December 15, February 7 Lafayette College PA November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Lake Forest College IL November 1 January 15 Beginning December 15 Lawrence University WI October 31 N/A December 1 Lehigh University PA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Lewis Clark College OR November 1 N/A December 15 Lynchburg College VA November 15 N/A December 15 Macalester College MN November 15 January 1 December 15, February 1 Manhattan College NY November 15 N/A January 1 Marist College NY November 15 February 1 December 15, February 15 Marlboro College VT November 15 N/A December 1 Maryland Institute College of Art MD November 1 N/A December 1 Meredith College NC October 30 N/A November 15 Merrimack College MA November 15 N/A December 31 Miami University OH November 1 N/A December 1 Middlebury College VT November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Moody Bible Institute IL December 1 N/A January 15 Mount Holyoke College MA November 15 January 1 January 1, February 1 Muhlenberg College PA November 15 February 1 December 15, February 15-28 Nazareth College NY November 15 January 10 December 15,January 25 New York University NY November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Northeastern University MA November 1 N/A December 15 Northwestern University IL November 1 N/A December 15 Oberlin College OH November 15 January 2 December 15, February 1 Occidental College CA November 15 January 1 December 15,Early February Ohio Wesleyan University OH November 15 January 15 November 30, January 30 Pitzer College CA November 15 January 1 December 18, February 15 Pomona College CA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Providence College RI November 15 January 15 January 1, February 15 Quinnipiac University CT November 1 N/A December 15 Ramapo College of New Jersey NJ November 1 N/A December 5 Reed College OR November 15 December 20 December 15, February 1 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute NY November 1 December 15 December 15, January 15 Rhode Island School of Design RI November 1 N/A December8-14 Rhodes College TN November 1 January 1 Rolling (within two weeks of submission) Rice University TX November 1 N/A December 15 Roanoke College VA November 15 N/A December 15 Rochester Institute of Technology NY November 1 January 1 December 15, January 15 Rollins College FL November 1 January 5 December 14, February 1 Sacred Heart University CT December 1 N/A December 15 Saint Mary's College IN November 15 N/A December 15 Salisbury University MD November 15 N/A December 15 Santa Clara University CA November 1 January 7 December 31, February 15 Sarah Lawrence College NY November 1 January 2 December 31, Early February Scripps College CA November 15 January 4 December 15, February 15 Sewanee: University of the South TN November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Siena College NY December 1 N/A Not reported Skidmore College NY November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Smith College MA November 15 January 1 December 15, January 31 Southern Methodist University TX November 1 January 15 December 15, March 1 Spelman College GA November 1 N/A December 15 Springfield College MA December 1 January 15 Not reported St. John Fisher College NY December 1 N/A Rolling St. Lawrence University NY November 1 February 1 Rolling St. Mary's College of Maryland MD November 1 N/A December 1 St. Olaf College MN November 15 January 8 December15, February 1 State University of New York College at Geneseo NY November 15 N/A December 15 State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry NY December 1 N/A Rolling State University of New York Maritime College NY November 1 N/A Not reported Sterling College VT November 15 N/A December 1 Stevens Institute of Technology NJ November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Stonehill College MA December 1 N/A December 31 Susquehanna University PA November 15 N/A December 1 Swarthmore College PA November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Syracuse University NY November 15 January 1 Beginning December 15, Beginning January 15 Texas Christian University TX November 1 N/A January 1 The College of New Jersey NJ November 1 January 1 December 1, February 1 The Jewish Theological Seminary (List College) NY November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 Trinity College CT November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Trinity University TX November 1 January 1 December 1, February 1 Tufts University MA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Union College NY November 15 January 15 December 15, February 15 University of Miami FL November 1 January 1 December 31, February 15-28 University of Pennsylvania PA November 1 N/A December 15 University of Puget Sound WA November 15 N/A December 15 University of Richmond VA November 1 January 15 December 15, February 15 University of Rochester NY November 1 N/A December 15 University of San Francisco CA November 1 N/A Beginning December 15 Ursinus College PA December 1 February 1 December 15, February 15 Vanderbilt University TN November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Vassar College NY November 15 January 1 Not reported Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University VA November 1 N/A December 15 Wabash College IN November 1 N/A December 5 Wake Forest University NC November 15 January 1 Rolling, February 15 Warren Wilson College NC November 1 N/A Not reported Washington Jefferson College PA January 4 N/A January 15 Washington and Lee University VA November 1 January 1 "Within a few weeks" Washington College MD November 15 N/A December 15 Washington University in St. Louis MO November 1 January 2 December 15, February 15 Webb Institute NY October 15 N/A December 15 Wellesley College MA November 1 January 1 December 15, February 15 Wells College NY December 15 N/A Not reported Wesleyan College GA November 15 N/A Not reported Wesleyan University CT November 15 January 1 December 15, February 15 Wheaton College IL November 20 January 15 December 3, February 1 Whitman College WA November 15 January 1 December 15, January 31 Willamette University OR November 15 N/A December 30 Williams College MA November 15 N/A December 15 Wittenberg University OH November 1 N/A December 1 Wofford College SC November 1 N/A December 1 Early decision can be a great option as it communicates to your school of choice how enthusiastic and committed you are to attending. If your school offers Early Decision II and you feel you could benefit from a few more months to work on your application, it makes sense to wait for this later deadline. Either way, you'll find out earlier than regular notification if you got into your first-choice school! What's Next? Want to apply early but aren't sure about signing a binding agreement? This guide has the comprehensive list of all the colleges that offer early action. Not sure applying early to college is right for you? Then take a look at thethe most common college application deadlines to get an idea of what your application timeline could look like. As you fill out your college applications, you want to think about how to present your high school resume in the best possible light.Read our expert guide for tips on how to write about your extracurricular activities on your college application. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Accounts in the Balance Sheet and Income Statement of the Bank of Abu Assignment

Accounts in the Balance Sheet and Income Statement of the Bank of Abu Dhabi - Assignment Example Overall the bank’s statements reflect the quality of the bank's operations. Although there can be a few improvements in the operations of the bank and its customer base, however, the bank has performed remarkably well showing high revenues and net profits. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi was founded in 1968 in the United Arab Emirates. It is the market leader amongst lending banks in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the second largest player in the United Arab Emirate lending market. The bank has a presence in various regions including Hong Kong, Shanghai and Kuala Lumpur. The National Bank of Abu Dhabi is a premier bank offering the complete range of financial services in 18 countries. It is ranked in the Worlds 50 Safest Banks and the Safest Bank in emerging banks. This is a testament to the quality of the services and the operations of the bank. This assignment aims to analyze the balance sheet and income statements of the bank for the year 2012 and 2011. All accounts under assets, liabilities, equity, expenses and revenue will be defined and analyzed in this report. An asset on a balance sheet represents what a firm owns. They can be categorized as current assets and fixed assets. Current assets are ones that are consumed in a years’ time and the fixed assets are those that provide benefit over a certain period of time. I will now be defining the assets that are in the financial statements of the National Bank of Abu Dhabi. This account includes all the cash that is currently with the bank, the balances with the central bank and the dues from other banks (maturing within 3 months). Cash is the most liquid of all the current assets. The balance at the central bank is a percentage of the total customer deposits given to the central bank as a measure of avoiding bank runs. These are identified as financial assets which are held for the purpose of trading them in the market. are assets measured at fair value and the gains and losses are recorded in the income statements under the subheading of â€Å"Gains or Losses on Derivative Financial Instrument Transactions†.

Human Trafficking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Trafficking - Assignment Example Under the federal rule, coerced work is a harsh outline of trafficking people. Most victims of human trafficking are taken for labor purposes. For example, some could be recruited to run errands in construction sites. Others, especially children could be taken for home servitude, sexual use or labor. Human trafficking for sexual purpose is common and most children, close to 70% are trafficked for sexual exploitation (Gozdziak & Bump, 2008, 6). The stern types of trafficking individuals are distinct. One, sex trafficking: in this case a profitable sex act is induced by power, coercion and fraud in which the individual is pressurized to perform such act. The other form human trafficking is through the recruitment, transportation, provision, or getting the person for work via the use of fraud or pressure with the aim of subjecting him to involuntary servitude. In addition, a person is also subjected to peonage or slavery (Armaline et al. 2013). However, human trafficking can also happen in work circumstances such as home servitude, immigrant farming and labor in a person-like plant. Whether an action falls in the description of trafficking is based on the kind of labor for the victim and the use of force and coercion to get or retain the work. The exception is that the human trafficking covers the utilization of small children for profitable sexual actions even when there is no fraud or force (Armaline et al. 2013). Human trafficking also involves individuals who are detained against their will to pay off arrears. A victim’s original accord to tour or do the work does not permit the boss later limit the individual’s liberty. In addition, the agreement should not also let the employer restrict the worker’s liberty by use of threats or force to get refunds. In the United States, the full measurements of the challenge of human trafficking are hard to gauge. However, it is clear that human trafficking is a key basis

Paper assignment 3# Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper assignment 3# - Essay Example The setting of the novel is in New York which is a diverse community with people from different class division, races and nationalities. Corrigan is placed amidst all the types of people in New York and undertakes the role of helping and playing guardian for them even for those who are not part of his faith. As a young man, the readers are introduced to a child who would sneak out at night just to be able to help and spend time with the drugs addicts, homeless and the prostitutes. After the death of his mother, he is compelled to leave Ireland due to his devotion to help those who are suffering and moves to New York following the 9/11 attack. Both his physical and spiritual labor are directed towards helping those in different types of difficulties. Corrigan finds excellence in difficulty and suffering of people through despair and trauma, McCann says, ‘So you force yourself into a position of difficulty, because it seems to me that we have forgotten†¦ But there’s s omething really beautiful in the notion of difficulty.’ By being an Irish catholic, Corrigan has also been used a representation of the theme of religion. As a central personality in New York, his vocation has been used to show the act of redemption for the church even after going through many challenges and scandals. His religious role is used in the narrative to reconcile God and the reality of New York streets. As such, Corrigan is placed in a setting of the everyday life filled with tragedies and horrors in the streets of New York yet, he is expected to come out after defeating evil. As such, although he may go through darkness and end up bruised and damaged, the light at the end of the tunnel will make God more believable to the people he is interacting with. Religion and hope are themes which are intertwined in order to draw people closer to God. Corrigan gives hope to the people affected by different social evils

Type II Diabetes in African Americans Essay Example for Free

Type II Diabetes in African Americans Essay Introduction                                                    The 1986 report of the Secretarys Task Force on Black and Minority Health called notice to the upsetting excess morbidity as well as mortality from chronic illnesses for instance non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), cancer, and heart disease that exists in minorities in the United States. Besides the added disease burden, restricted research in the area of minority health has exacerbated the problem in the African-American population by reducing the knowledge essential for understanding the contributing factors plus planning effective intervention strategies. Diabetes mellitus, one of the diseases targeted for augmented investigate focus among minorities, carries on to have overwhelming consequences on the African American population. It is anticipated that about 1.8 million African Americans are affected with the disease (Report of the Secretarys Task Force on Black and Minority Health, 1985). Furthermore, the occurrence and mortality from diabetes are almost double as high among African Americans as in the U.S. White population (CDC, 1990). Consequently, there remains a critical need for research intended to explain the aspects contributing to the augmented diabetes-related morbidity as well as mortality in this ethnic group. Biomedical definition and Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a heterogenous group of disorders that are typified by an abnormal augment in the level of blood glucose. It is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism ensuing from inadequate production of insulin or from insufficient utilization of this hormone by the bodys cells (Professional Guide to Diseases 1998:849). Diabetes mellitus takes place in 4 forms classified by etiology: Type I (insulin-dependent), Type II (noninsulin-dependent), other special types (genetic disorder or exposure to certain drugs in chemicals), as well as gestational diabetes (occurs during pregnancy). http://etd.fcla.edu/SF/SFE0000527/AfricanAmericanWomen.pdf When studies are performed to evaluate the epidemiology and public health impact of diabetes mellitus on the African-American population, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) plus insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are most frequently considered. Though, further forms of glucose intolerance have as well been studied, together with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), gestational diabetes (GDM), and other atypical diabetes syndromes. Categorization of these diabetes subtypes is usually footed on standards published by the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) (1979) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (1980). The analysis of diabetes is recognized by a finding of fasting plasma glucose (FBS) value greater than 140 mg/dl or a value of 200 mg/dl 2 hours after a 75-gram glucose challenge on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT). Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus The initial estimates, footed on national samples, of the incidence of diabetes in African Americans came from data collected on male World War II registrants age eighteen to forty-five, which recommended that the occurrence of diabetes was greater in White than Black males (Marble, 1949). Since these data were collected over age ranges with a prevalence of distribution toward younger age, where diabetes rates may mainly reveal insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, they may not offer a factual picture of the occurrence of NIDDM in the races at that time. More current and dependable data from the National Center for Health Statistics point out that, in the United States, the occurrence of known diabetes is higher among African Americans than White Americans mainly among individuals age forty-five to sixty-four, when the rate for Blacks is 50.6 percent higher (Harris, 1990). The occurrence of diabetes augments with age for U.S. Black adults and is about 1.2 times higher for females (Harris, 1990). Among African Americans, the occurrence of diabetes is inversely associated to educational achievement and is highest among individuals in the low income group. Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus The occurrence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus pursues a different racial prototype from that of NIDDM: White children have approximately twice the rate of Black children. (Lipman, 1991). Across the United States, there is much greater inconsistency in the occurrence of IDDM for African-American children than White children. It is probable the variability in IDDM incidence among African-American children might consequence from variations in degree of White admixture in the different registry locations. There is proof that White admixture differs by geographic region in the United States with greater admixture in northern areas than in the south. This is reliable with the drift for more European-American genetic admixture in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, where the occurrence of IDDM in African Americans is higher, than in Jefferson County, Alabama (Reitnauer et al., 1982) and the incidence of IDDM is lower. Atypical Diabetes Atypical diabetic syndromes, typified by normoglycemic reduction with ensuing periods of hyperglycemic deterioration, generally needing insulin for glycemic control, have been explained in African-American and further Black populations. Winter et al. (1987), accounted an atypical diabetes in young African Americans that shows with features typical of IDDM however lacks the HLA association’s trait of the disease. The insulin dependence in this syndrome was irregular or steadily declined all through the course of the illness. Diabetic syndromes presenting in adulthood with alike phasic insulin dependence have as well been reported. Whereas further forms of diabetes together with protein deficient pancreatic diabetes and fibrocalculus pancreatic diabetes take place in some Black African populations, so far they have not been revealed to be important for African Americans. Type I diabetes reports for three percent of all new cases of diabetes diagnosed every year in the United States. Type I can build up at any age, thus far the majority cases are diagnosed when the individual is under thirty. Type II, the more widespread form of the disease, normally has a steady start, generally appearing in adults over the age of forty (Managing Your Diabetes 1991). It has an effect on an estimated ninety percent of the six million Americans diagnosed with diabetes yearly. The probability of developing Type II is about the same by sex however is greater in African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans. Main risk factors comprise a family history of diabetes, obesity, being age forty or over, hypertension, gestational diabetes, or having one or more infants weighing more than 9 pounds at birth (Professional Guide to Diseases 1998). Diabetes mellitus is a main clinical as well as public health problem in the African American community. African American men have an occurrence of diabetes that is eighty percent higher than that for European American men, whereas African American women have occurrence ninety percent higher than that for European American women (Herman et al. 1998:147). These diabetes statistics point out that not merely are there characteristic differences between African Americans and European Americans in the occurrence and hospitalization rates related with diabetes however as well that research is required to find out if any other factors, for instance social and cultural, may be causative to the large difference of diabetes-related problems (Bailey 2000). Cultural Perceptions of Diabetes Mellitus In a study to find out differences in self-reported adherence to a dietary routine, Fitzgerald et al. (1997) analyzed one hundred and seventy-eight African American and European American patients at a Michigan suburban endocrinology clinic from 1993 to 1994. They establish that the 2 groups of patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) reported similar adherence to dietary recommendations; similar on the whole adherence, beliefs, plus attitudes as calculated by their diabetes care profile scale; and a similar percentage of ideal body weight (Fitzgerald et al. 1997:46). Further analyses, though, exposed that African Americans and European Americans differed in the opinion of diabetes and the view of adherence to the dietary routine for diabetes. Fitzgerald et al. (1997) speculated that among African American women the inspiration to lose weight frequently is not for health reasons however for improved look. The significance of weight loss to ones diabetic condition is de-emphasized, and more significance is placed upon losing weight for better look. If weight loss does not take place, then unconstructive beliefs and attitudes may reduce the individuals inspiration and endorse a â€Å"why bother† attitude, in that way causing nonadherence to the dietary regimen for diabetes (Fitzgerald et al. 1997:46). To work against this â€Å"why bother† attitude as it affects weight loss and dietary adherence, Fitzgerald et al. (1997) recommended that health educators require to assist patients distinguish their feelings regarding diabetes, recognize the habits that their feelings influence their behaviors, and build up tactics for managing with their feelings. The cultural/social functions of food and what food â€Å"means† plus â€Å"represents† to the individual must be measured when developing meal plans and educational interventions for the African American diabetic patient. So as to study more of the fundamental cultural health beliefs related with diabetes mellitus, Maillet et al. (1996) carried out a focus group of African American women with NIDDM and those endangered for this disease. Six African American women susceptible for noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus contributed in the northeastern urban medical university in a tranquil and relaxed classroom. The main themes that appeared from the focus groups were the significance of family and social support, a tendency to binge or overindulge when food limitations were placed by family members, difficulties with dietary changes, incapability to build up an exercise program due to multiple barriers, lack of clarity regarding diabetes complications, value for however lack of knowledge regarding prevention of complications, as well as a need for future programs that are ethnically responsive to African American women (Maillet et al. 1996:44). Additionally, a constant theme of this focus group was that family support or a lack of support had an impact on ones stated capability to make dietary alterations. Particularly, Maillet et al. recommended that older African American women discover it hard to make dietary changes for the reason that altering their diet disturbs a lifetime of culture within the context of family. Culture may directly manipulate diabetes education and have to be understood and included into intervention programs to persuade success (Maillet et al. 1996:45). Consequently, when providing care to African American women of all ages, Maillet et al. recommended that the primary health care providers have to be sensitive to the role that culture plays in diet, weight loss, plus diabetes self-management. By means of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques to examine health beliefs and health care-seeking outlines of African American and Euro-American diabetics, the fieldwork project was performed in 2 phases at the diabetes clinic in the Regenstrief Health Center at Indiana University, Indianapolis. The qualitative phase 1 occurred from June to August 1991, and the quantitative phase 2 from June to December 1992 (Bailey 2000:178). From 9 total site visits over the 5 months, the following noteworthy themes come into view regarding the African American diabetic patient: Appraise the source of the patients diabetes; Effort to dispel any delusions of diabetes; Make active the patient for self-care of diabetes; Carry on to reeducate the patient on blood glucose monitoring as well as insulin injection; and Hearten social and familial support for devotion to diabetic regimen.   Besides, other qualitative results pointed out that physicians required to (1) recognize the sociocultural restraints of a patients keeping appointments; (2) regulate the dietary alteration of the patient to his or her lifestyle and cultural dietary pattern; (3) build up more permanence of care; (4) find out new skills to build up understanding and trust with patients; and (5) give emphasis to the significance of the diabetic condition to the patient (Bailey 2000:182).   Phase 2 (Bailey 2000) consisted of performing qualitative and quantitative observations and interviews of African American and Euro-American diabetic patients. For instance, during the six-month period of phase 2, African American patients shared the following comments:   Patient Informant #1 (African American female): Im not sure what caused my diabetes. I know that there is a family connection to diabetes and my weight has something to do with it, but I dont take all of it too seriously. www.ecu.edu/cs-dhs/ah/upload/Bailey.ppt When asked to assess her capability to pursue the doctors set diabetic dietary regimen, patient informant #1 stated:   My sons and husband want their meals the way they normally have it. They dont want no unseasoned meals, so what am I supposed to do? www.ecu.edu/cs-dhs/ah/upload/Bailey.ppt Patient Informant #2 (African American female): I was on those diabetic pills, but I had to be placed on insulin injections. I hate taking these injections, but I have to do it. www.ecu.edu/cs-dhs/ah/upload/Bailey.ppt   Fascinatingly, patient informant #2 was placed on diabetic pills and told to watch her diet years ago. Though, she stopped taking the pills on a regular basis and did not stick to the diabetic diet routine. Now that she is on insulin injections and closely adhering to the diabetes dietary routine, her insulin injections have slowly been reduced.   Patient Informant #3 (African American male): I was really not shocked when I was diagnosed with diabetes simply because my father and aunt have diabetes and I knew it was a matter of time before I would develop it. www.ecu.edu/cs-dhs/ah/upload/Bailey.ppt   Diabetes is widespread among African Americans and this is because of dietary eating pattern—fried foods and not sufficient vegetables.   Even though patient informant #3 thought that it was a matter of time before he would build up diabetes, he is still unsure of the procedure and the reasons why he developed Type II diabetes. He came to the clinic merely to discover what was wrong with his stomach. To his shock, he was diagnosed with Type II diabetes. The qualitative findings that tend to be more related with the African American diabetic patients than with the Euro-American diabetic patients were as follows: The doubt of the real source of ones diabetes; The lack of perceived importance of ones diabetic condition; The perceived incapability to stick to the diabetic routine; The lower ranking of ones health as compared to other social and family obligations. These qualitative outcomes pointed out that numerous sociocultural issues still require to be further examined in the African American diabetic population (Bailey 2000:184).   Lastly, the former president of the National Medical Association, Yvonnecris Smith Veal (1996), utters that there are three fundamental causes why diabetes carries on to plague the African American community. First, there is the way of life and behavioral patterns related with African Americans for example poor eating habits, obesity, restricted access to enough medical care, and restricted funds. African Americans generally tend to eat foods high in calories and loaded with saturated fats and sugar and to have an inactive lifestyle—all of which are causative factors to being overweight. Second, African Americans have a history of making foods with lard and other heavy oils. This sort of food preparation, together with the incapability to get a balanced diet, contributes to the risk factors related with diabetes. Third, African Americans require more choices to decide dietary diabetic routines that fit the preferences for certain foods plus eating practices among all segments of the African American population (Bailey 2000).   Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Diabetes in African Americans Significant factors influencing the incidence of diabetes mellitus in African Americans comprise personal characteristics for instance genetics, age, sex, plus history of glucose intolerance (IGT, GDM). Further routine factors for instance physical activity plus obesity, which are related with altering socioeconomic as well as cultural climates within countries, to a great extent have an effect on the risk of developing the disease. Even though the exact etiological interactions remain arguable, it is definite that a mixture of most of these factors is accountable for precipitating the disease. Genetics An individuals risk of developing diabetes mellitus is significantly influenced by his/her hereditary background. Individuals who are first-degree relatives of diabetes patients are at noticeable augmented risk of developing the disease compared to unrelated individuals in the general population. (W.H.O. Multinational, 1991). Proof from studies of identical twins specifies a concordance rate of about ninety percent for NIDDM and fifty percent for IDDM, representing that the influence of genetics is greater in the former than in the latter (Barnett, Eff, Leslie Pyke, 1981). The investigation for the hereditary reasons that rates of diabetes fluctuate in different ethnic groups has caused hypotheses that try to report for the observed frequencies of NIDDM and IDDM in African Americans. (Tuomilehto, Tuomilehto- Wolf , Zimmet, Alberti Keen, 1992) Thrifty Gene Hypothesis Neel (1962) recommended that populations exposed to intermittent food shortage would through natural selection augment the incidence of genetic traits, thrifty genes, that incline to energy conservation. These genes would augment survival during times of famine by permitting for adept storage of fat in times of abundance. In the absence of feast and famine cycles, in times of continued profusion, these genes would turn out to be detrimental, predisposing to the growth of obesity and an augmented frequency of NIDDM. This hypothesis would be constant with the observation of much higher rates of diabetes and obesity among African Americans and urban Africans compared to Black Africans residing in conventional environments. Age and Sex In the majority populations the occurrence of diabetes differs with age and sex. For African Americans, the peak age range for diagnosis of IDDM is about fifteen to nineteen years of age, whereas NIDDM occurs more often after age fifty-six, when it is 3 times more common than in the White population (Roseman, 1985). African-American females are more probable to build up IDDM compared to Black men are more probable to develop NIDDM than Black men, White women, and White men, correspondingly (Harris, 1990). The sex discrepancy for IDDM may be because of differences in vulnerability or experience to etiologic agents (Dahlquist et al., 1985). Differences in NIDDM by gender may be because of differences in the levels of related risk factors such as obesity plus physical activity.   Socioeconomic Status (SES) Racial differences in disease rates may reveal socioeconomic differences. In the United States socioeconomic status and the frequency of NIDDM have a converse relationship. The impact of SES on NIDDM rates among African Americans may be particularly strong. Studies concerning socioeconomic status to the development of IDDM have been contradictory. Some studies establish a positive relationship. Others have found a negative (Colle et al., 1984) or no relationship at all. It appears improbable that socioeconomic status contributes considerably to racial differences in the frequency of IDDM in the United States. Obesity Obesity, usually measured as body-mass index (BMI)), is the most important risk factor for NIDDM. Overweight is a severe problem for the African-American female, with the level of obesity (that is BMI 27.3) being greater than fifty percent among women older than age forty-five (Van Itallie, 1985). Compared to White women, African-American women are more overweight. African-American men demonstrate a similar prototype of obesity when compared to White men (Van Italie, 1985).   The development of NIDDM is not merely influenced by the presence of obesity however as well by where the body fat is distributed. The danger of developing NIDDM is greater for individuals with central or android obesity. African Americans have been accounted to have a greater propensity to store more fat in the trunk than Whites, which could clarify part of the excess occurrence of NIDDM in the Black population (Kumanyika, 1988). Physical Activity There is proof that physical inactivity is an independent danger factor for developing NIDDM (Taylor et al., 1984). On the other hand, exercise perhaps a strong defensive factor against the development of the disease. On the whole there is a converse association between levels of obesity and physical activity. Consequently, higher levels of obesity among U.S. Blacks compared to Whites propose that reduced levels of physical activity among African Americans may donate to their higher rate of diabetes. Insulin Resistance The danger of developing NIDDM is absolutely related with fasting levels of circulating insulin. It has been revealed that insulin resistance, typified by hyperinsulinemia, can predate the development of NIDDM for years. besides diabetes, insulin resistance causes numerous interrelated disorders together with hypertension, body fat mass and distribution, as well as serum lipid abnormalities (Ferrannini , Haffner, Mitchell Stern, 1991). This has encouraged speculation that hyperinsulinemia and/or insulin resistance may be the phenotypic expression of the thrifty genotype anticipated by Neel (1962). Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) and Gestational Diabetes Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are 2 types of glucose intolerance that are strong risk factors for developing NIDDM and IDDM. Gestational diabetes denotes the development of diabetes during pregnancy and a subsequent return to normal tolerance following parturition, whereas IGT is the class of glucose tolerance where fasting glucose values are between normal and diabetic. (OSullivan Mahan, 1968). The risk of developing obvious diabetes among individuals with IGT is associated to the severity of impaired tolerance plus presence of further risk factors, together with a positive family history of diabetes and obesity (Harris, 1989). Numerous risk factors for GDM have been recognized among African-American women, including age, gravidity, hypertension, obesity, plus family history of diabetes (Roseman et al., 1991).   Diabetes Mortality At present, diabetes mellitus is the 3rd most recurrent cause of death from disease among African Americans. Higher rates of diabetes mortality in African Americans compared to the White population may partly be because of their higher occurrence of diabetes. When mortality among individuals who have developed diabetes is measured, though, it emerges that African Americans have a lower mortality rate than Whites with the disease (Harris, 1990). In recent years, there has been a leveling off in the rate of mortality from diabetes for both races.   Diabetic Complications Chronic diabetes mellitus is related with numerous overwhelming complications that reduce the quality of life and cause early mortality. These comprise hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, as well as macrovascular complications.   In the United States, African Americans with diabetes have higher rates of hypertension than Whites. The constancy of high rates of hypertension among African Americans and Afro-Caribbean populations (Grell, 1983) has caused the proposition that Western Hemisphere Blacks are offspring of a highly selected group of Africans who were efficient at retaining salt, which permitted them to uphold sodium homeostasis and survive the long sea voyages from Africa (Grim, 1988). Recent proof proposes that high rates of hypertension among African Americans might be associated to hyperinsulinemia plus abnormal renal sodium transport (Douglas, 1990). Information on the incidence and impact of other diabetes-associated complications are limited. Though, retinopathy, neuropathy, and stroke emerge to be more recurrent in African Americans than Whites with diabetes (Roseman, 1985). The rate of lower limit amputations ensuing from diabetes has been reported to be considerably greater among U.S. Blacks than Whites. Occurrence rates of diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have been revealed to be greater for African Americans than for Whites. After developing ESRD though, U.S. Blacks emerge to survive longer than Whites. There is as well some implication that certain cardiovascular complications including angina and heart attack may take place less often among African Americans than among Whites with diabetes (Harris, 1990).   It has been recommended that the on the whole higher rates of diabetes complications among African Americans might be associated to poorer metabolic control. Additionally, the high rate of hypertension among African Americans with diabetes may make worse or make haste the start of other complications for example retinopathy and nephropathy. Other significant risk factors for diabetes complications comprise age of onset, education, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, plus access to medical care (Roseman, 1985).   Prevention and Intervention Strategies The main metabolic defect of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance in association with a relative and progressive deficiency in insulin secretion. This insulin resistance, present in many tissues, makes its primary contribution to hyperglycemia by reducing peripheral glucose uptake in muscle and failing to suppress hepatic glucose output. Additionally, resistance in adipose tissue to insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis results in an elevation of free fatty acids (FFAs) and a further aggravation of hyper-glycemia. The degree of insulin resistance observed in diabetic subjects may vary according to a subjects ethnic background, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity. Pharmacologic intervention with either metformin, a biguanide, or a thiazolidinedione (TZD) has been successful in reducing insulin resistance in subjects with type 2 diabetes. In the management of the majority forms of diabetes, there is a need to be concerned concerning the acute complications of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis and/or development of acute hyperosmolar crises. Hypoglycemia, a major treatment concern in type 1 diabetes, is much less frequent with type 2 diabetes and is discussed later in association with specific therapies. Although DKA and hyperosmolar crises have been reported in children with type 2 diabetes, they are uncommon, in our experience after initial presentation, but such crises have been reported. About 10-15% of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes present at diagnosis with DKA, hyperosmolar crisis, or a combination of these states. The long-term goals in the management of type 2 diabetes are twofold: first, the prevention of microvascular complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy; secondly, the prevention of macrovascular complications such as atherosclerosis of the coronary, cerebral, and large arteries of the lower extremities. These lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, and amputation, and are the major causes of morbidity and mortality with type 2 diabetes. The development of these complications is multifactorial, but is influenced by associated hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia in addition to the effects of hyperglycemia. The aim of therapy in type 2 diabetes is to specifically target the underlying metabolic defects of this disorder, which are obesity, abnormal insulin secretory function, and the insulin resistance present in the three primary insulin responsive tissues skeletal muscle, fat, and liver. The first approach is to reduce obesity through lifestyle interventions in diet and exercise. In addition, the introduction of an ÃŽ ±-glucosidase inhibitor may be considered to delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing peak postprandial hyperglycemia. A second therapeutic approach is to address insulin secretory dysfunction with insulin secretagogues such as sulfonylureas or meglitinides. Alternatively, or if these secretagogues are ineffective, exogenous insulin can be initiated. A third approach is to address tissue-specific insulin resistance. Metformin can decrease hepatic glucose output and improve peripheral insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones have been successful in improving peripheral insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes in adults; however, experience with these therapeutic agents is limited in children. At present, diabetes mellitus remains a serious problem tackling the African Americans population. High diabetes mortality rates reflect merely part of the problem. The viewpoint of increasing diabetes occurrence rates casts a threatening shadow over the future for the African Americans community. The morbidity related with diabetic complications places a great financial burden on individuals and communities least able to bear the cost of such an illness. Evidently, the challenge of addressing the problem of diabetes mellitus in the African Americans population is great and will need a multidisciplinary approach involving government, researchers, educators, as well as members of the African Americans community. Health Promotion Of main importance is the requirement for distribution of information regarding diabetes and its consequences into the African-American community. An uneducated African-American community may be inclined to undervalue the diabetes problem or to pay less attention to the signs and symptoms of its commencement. This may outcome in late diagnosis or care, thus raising the probability of rapid start of complications. Consequently, ethnically sensitive strategies intended to get involved and educate African Americans on the subject of the behavioral and environmental risk factors for diabetes plus its complications are necessary. Undoubtedly, in order for African Americans to take steps to lessen the diabetes linked morbidity and mortality in their communities they have to have the capability to make informed decisions regarding the disease. Cooperative Efforts for Provision of Health Services Rates of diabetes mortality and complications may depend on the accessibility and permanence of care. There is some sign that African Americans with diabetes may be underserved regarding medical care (Harris, 1990). Cautious study of this problem is needed, and innovative solutions have to be developed. The African-American community must as well become empowered to expect and demand the essential care they deserve. To have an effect on such change, community based institutions, for instance the church, can build up programs for using the health professionals within their congregations to offer care or therapy to diabetics and their families. Organizations concerned with minorities, for instance the UrbanLeague, can comprise diabetes and further health problems in their national agendas to generate concern and act at the community and national levels.   Governmental agencies and institutions engaged in training health professionals, for example medical schools and schools of public health, must institute action to augment the pool of African Americans in the professions concerned with the care of individuals with diabetes. Federal agencies, for instance the National Institutes of Health, may as well offer special grant programs to hearten submission of research grants to study diabetes in African Americans and to improve the growth of minority researchers in the area.   Research The inadequate data presently accessible on diabetes among African Americans raise numerous questions however deliver few answers regarding the etiology and natural history of diabetes plus its complications in this racial group. Up to now, a small number of studies of diabetes in the United States have included representative samples of African Americans. This inadequacy has to be addressed if future studies are to give way valid conclusions concerning the factors accountable for the incidence of the disease in the African-American population. In the Report of the Secretarys Task Force on Black and Minority Health (1985), numerous research priority areas for addressing the health disparity between Black and White Americans were recognized. These areas are mainly pertinent to diabetes mellitus and comprise the following: (1) investigation into risk-factor recognition, (2) investigation into risk-factor occurrence, (3) investigate into health education intrusions, (4) investigation into prevention services interventions, (5) investigation into treatment services, as well as (6) investigation into sociocultural factors and health outcomes. The recognition of these target areas for investigation and other recent efforts by the Department of Health and Human Services to endorse the study of diabetes in the African-American population (Sullivan, 1990) are significant steps toward addressing the gap in awareness of how diabetes have an effect on African Americans. 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